{"id":3456,"date":"2021-09-15T03:18:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-15T07:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?p=3456"},"modified":"2021-10-10T16:47:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-10T20:47:40","slug":"may-1-les-debuts-de-la-democratie-etats-unienne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/15\/may-1-les-debuts-de-la-democratie-etats-unienne\/","title":{"rendered":"May 1 &#8211; Les d\u00e9buts de la d\u00e9mocratie \u00e9tats-unienne"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">George Washington (1732-1799) &#8211; 1<sup>er<\/sup> pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis (1789-1797)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">George Washington vient d&rsquo;une riche famille de planteurs de Virginie. Il a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le majeur dans la guerre d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance. En 1775, le congr\u00e8s le d\u00e9signe commandant en chef de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e Continentale (constitu\u00e9e de colons europ\u00e9ens) pour combattre les Anglais. En 1781, aid\u00e9 des Fran\u00e7ais qui ne perdent pas une occasion de se battre contre les Anglais, il gagne une bataille majeure \u00e0 Yorktown, et en 1783 les colonies gagnent leur ind\u00e9pendance. Il joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le majeur dans l&rsquo;av\u00e8nement de la Constitution. Le 30 avril 1789 il est \u00e9lu premier pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 l&rsquo;unanimit\u00e9 par le coll\u00e8ge \u00e9lectoral et il est r\u00e9\u00e9lu pour un deuxi\u00e8me mandats jusqu&rsquo;en 1797.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8130-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8132-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La capitale, Washington, a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9e en son honneur, ainsi que l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de Washington situ\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;extr\u00eame Nord-Ouest du pays. Le Washington Monument est une grande ob\u00e9lisque plac\u00e9e au centre du National Mall et dont la construction a \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9e en 1884. \u00c0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, c&rsquo;\u00e9tait le plus haut b\u00e2timent au monde, culminant \u00e0 555 pieds et 5.125 pouces (169 m\u00e8tres). Trois carri\u00e8res diff\u00e9rentes, deux proches de Baltimore et une dans le Massachusetts, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es pour approvisionner le chantier en blocs de pierre, dont les l\u00e9g\u00e8res variations de couleur se voient encore aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3407\" data-link=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?attachment_id=3407\" class=\"wp-image-3407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8133-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3408\" data-link=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?attachment_id=3408\" class=\"wp-image-3408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8144-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3441\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM.jpeg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?attachment_id=3441\" class=\"wp-image-3441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-08-14-at-5.24.32-PM.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">On voit la diff\u00e9rence de couleur des pierres \u00e0 environ 1\/3 de la hauteur. C&rsquo;est moi qui fait l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle au pied de l&rsquo;ob\u00e9lisque sur la photo de droite!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signature de la constitution (17 septembre 1787)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&rsquo;\u00e9tang des jardins de la Constitution abrite une petite \u00eele, accessible par un pont en bois et sur laquelle un monument porte les noms, professions et signatures des 56 signataires de la constitution des \u00c9tats-Unis. La constitution a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9e le 17 septembre 1787 \u00e0 Philadelphie puis ratifi\u00e9e le 21 juin 1788. Il y avait peu de monde sur l&rsquo;\u00eele, c&rsquo;est un endroit calme o\u00f9 on peut s&rsquo;asseoir \u00e0 l&rsquo;ombre des arbres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8153-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>\u00c9tang des jardins de la Constitution<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3417\" data-link=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?attachment_id=3417\" class=\"wp-image-3417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8152-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3418\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/?attachment_id=3418\" class=\"wp-image-3418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8158-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">C&rsquo;est le printemps, les canetons sont de sortie!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8159-1-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Washington Monument surplombant l&rsquo;\u00eele de la Constitution<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le pr\u00e9ambule de la constitution ci-dessus explique les grandes lignes du document \u00e0 suivre: \u00ab\u00a0Nous le Peuple des \u00c9tats-Unis, pour former une Union plus parfaite, \u00e9tablir la justice, assurer la tranquillit\u00e9 du quotidien, fournir une d\u00e9fense commune, promouvoir le bien-\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et s\u00e9curiser les bienfaits de la libert\u00e9 pour nous et pour notre post\u00e9rit\u00e9, nous d\u00e9cr\u00e9tons et \u00e9tablissons cette Constitution pour les \u00c9tats-Unis d&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3421\" width=\"384\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8164-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><figcaption>Petit pont d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00eele de la Constitution<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8161-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>En m\u00e9moire des 56 signataires de la d\u00e9claration d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance<br>*<br> un cadeau de l&rsquo;administration du bicentenaire de la r\u00e9volution Am\u00e9ricaine 1976<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8165-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Au CONGR\u00c8S, 4 juillet 1776. La d\u00e9claration unanime des 13 \u00c9tats-Unis d&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8167-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Chaque signataire a un bloc de granite d\u00e9di\u00e9 sur lequel sont grav\u00e9s son nom, sa profession, et sa signature. Les signataires sont regroup\u00e9s par \u00e9tat. Ici on peut voir l&rsquo;inscription au sol \u00ab\u00a0Pennsylvania\u00a0\u00bb.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8166-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Les signataires du Massachusetts. On peut lire le nom de John Adams, figure de l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance dans le Massachusetts, dont j&rsquo;aurai l&rsquo;occasion de reparler plus en d\u00e9tail dans un future article sur le Freedom Trail de Boston.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) &#8211; 3<sup>e<\/sup> pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis (1801-1809)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas Jefferson est le principal auteur de la d\u00e9claration d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance (1776). Il est n\u00e9 en 1743 dans une plantation de Virginie comme George Washington. Il exerce comme secr\u00e9taire d&rsquo;\u00e9tat pendant une partie la pr\u00e9sidence de Washington et occupe le r\u00f4le de ministre pour la France. Apr\u00e8s le consensus pour l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance, l&rsquo;\u00e9chiquier politique commence \u00e0 se diviser, notamment sur la question de la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, et Jefferson devient le leader des R\u00e9publicains qui supportent la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise. Perdant aux \u00e9lections de 1796, il est \u00e9lu de justesse en 1800 et commence sa pr\u00e9sidence en 1801. Supportant la souverainet\u00e9 des \u00e9tats plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;un pouvoir f\u00e9d\u00e9ral fort, il fait de larges coupes budg\u00e9taires et supprime ou diminue un certain nombre de taxes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IMG_8193-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Thomas Jefferson Monument<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jefferson \u00e9tend \u00e9galement les territoires contr\u00f4l\u00e9s par les \u00c9tats-Unis vers l&rsquo;Ouest en achetant la Louisiane \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on en 1803 pour 15 millions de dollars de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. En 1803, le territoire de Louisiane est immense, beaucoup plus grand que l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de Louisiane actuel, et recouvre en totalit\u00e9 ou en partie plus de 15 \u00e9tats actuels (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.usembassy.gov\/fr\/education-culture-fr\/les-etats-unis-de-z\/la-vente-de-la-louisiane-louisiana-purchase\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/fr.usembassy.gov\/fr\/education-culture-fr\/les-etats-unis-de-z\/la-vente-de-la-louisiane-louisiana-purchase\/\" target=\"_blank\">lien vers l&rsquo;article de l&rsquo;ambassade de France qui montre une carte<\/a>). Ce territoire s&rsquo;\u00e9tend \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouest des treize \u00e9tats fondateurs sur plus de deux millions de kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s, jusqu&rsquo;au Canada au Nord et aux montagnes Rocheuses \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le monument Thomas Jefferson est en r\u00e9novation et c&rsquo;\u00e9tait la fin de notre circuit. Nous ne sommes donc pas entr\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur, mais nous avons admir\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur cette grande rotonde au bord du Tidal Basin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Histoire des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 travers les monuments du National Mall<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cet article fait partie d&rsquo;une s\u00e9rie d&rsquo;articles sur les \u00e9v\u00e9nements et protagonistes comm\u00e9mor\u00e9s au National Mall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/12\/may-1-memoriaux-du-national-mall\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/12\/may-1-memoriaux-du-national-mall\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article introductif (carte du National Mall)<\/a><\/li><li>Article suivant: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/18\/may-1-la-guerre-de-secession\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/18\/may-1-la-guerre-de-secession\/\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/18\/may-1-la-guerre-de-secession\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/18\/may-1-la-guerre-de-secession\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fin du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle &#8211; La guerre de S\u00e9cession<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>George Washington (1732-1799) &#8211; 1er pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis (1789-1797) George Washington vient d&rsquo;une riche famille de planteurs de Virginie. Il a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le majeur dans la guerre d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance. En 1775, le congr\u00e8s le d\u00e9signe commandant en chef de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e Continentale (constitu\u00e9e de colons europ\u00e9ens) pour combattre les Anglais. En 1781, aid\u00e9 des Fran\u00e7ais qui &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/2021\/09\/15\/may-1-les-debuts-de-la-democratie-etats-unienne\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> de &laquo;&nbsp;May 1 &#8211; Les d\u00e9buts de la d\u00e9mocratie \u00e9tats-unienne&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[34,80],"class_list":["post-3456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe","tag-histoire","tag-washington-dc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3456"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3705,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions\/3705"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/helene.lecairn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}